Mindfulness by Ellen J. Langer Book Summary

A revolutionary book on mindfulness that could be applied to every aspect of life.

About the author: Dr. Langer is a professor of psychology at Harvard University. Author of eleven books and over two hundred research articles, written for general and academic readers on mindfulness for over 35 years.

She founded The Langer Mindfulness Institute. She has received the Guggenheim Fellowship, with three Distinguished Scientist Awards: The World Congress Award, the NYU Alumni Achievement Award, and the Staats Award for Unifying Psychology.

In this book, Dr. Langer highlights the crucial roles mindfulness plays in fields such as innovation, productivity, creativity, learning, social justice, health, happiness, and aging.

With that said, here’s Mindfulness by Dr. Ellen J. Langer.

Please enjoy.

Mindfulness by Ellen Langer book summary.

The Placebo effect.

Dr. Langer gathered a group of elderly patients in a nursing home-like environment, surrounded by décors, clothing, foods, and popular music from their youthful years. She then asked them to use their imagination to chat, dance — pretend they were in their younger bodies, and act accordingly.

In the following weeks, the physical exam showed an increase in muscle strength, tighter skin, better eyesight, and even higher bone density.

So what had happened?

Well, according to Dr. Langer, the elderly patients were tapped into something called the placebo effect.

Langer clarified that the stories we tell ourselves about who we are, goes a long way in shaping our reality.

In other words, what we have learned to look for in a situation, determines mostly what we see.

2) The Mindlessness effect.

Langer explains, the mindlessness effect is being on autopilot. It’s where rules and routines governed what we do rather than guide what we do. For example, If we’re mindlessly going through the motions — living on autopilot, then It’s less likely that we’ll want to improve the quality of our lives.

Dr. Langer noticed that when people are mindless, they’re often trapped in a rigid perspective — uncaring how meaning changes unless there’s a subtle difference in the context.

Our routines and rules control what we do, instead of acting as a guide to what we do.

“This behavioral pattern,” says Langer, “tends to create a lack of awareness and exposure to validate new information.”

And as Rosabeth Kanter points out, “Mindless habitual behavior is the enemy of innovation.” In other words, in a state of mindlessness: Innovation, creativity, and productivity rarely manifest.

“Whether people become mindless over time, says Langer, or on initial exposure to information, —they unwittingly lock themselves into a single understanding of information.” And so, we ignore information that runs counter, in order not to see things from different perspectives.

3) Process Before Outcome Effect

Dr. Langer believes that the reasons why most of us become mindless have a lot to do with our early education.

She says, “From kindergarten on, the focus of schooling is usually a goal rather than a process of achieving. Generally speaking, most teachers tend to cares more about having that child write the “correct letter A” than coaching the child to learn about meditation, for instance.”

As Langer stated, “A proper process orientation also means being aware that a process precedes every outcome.

4) The Mindfulness effect.

Langer says, mindfulness boosts our presence in the present moment by forcing us to be here, now. To absorb the moment, rather than escaping it, or trying to change it through our thoughts or actions.

According to Dr. Langer, there are three critical qualities of a mindful state:

Creation of new categories.
Openness to further information.
Awareness of more than one perspective.

1) Creating New Categories

Langer says, “Without psychotherapy or a crisis as motivation, the past is rarely re-classified.” Yet with the mindfulness effect, a child’s profound re-creation,—can become the adult’s active recreation.”

Just as mindlessness is the rigid assurance on old categories, mindfulness means the continual creation of new ones. — Ellen Langer

2) Welcoming New Information

Like category making, says Langer, receiving new information is living creatures’ primary function.” If however, this living creature is not receiving anything new, their sensory system will often shut down. Which Langer believes, can harm the human psyche, since the subconscious is constantly being exposed to patterns of stimulation that are unvarying.

In contrast, if behaviors come from a mindful state of listening or watching, welcoming new information will likely be more effective.

3) More than one view

Another essential feature of mindfulness that Dr. Langer highlights is openness. She says, not only to new information but to different points of view.

Spiritual teacher, and author, Eckhart Tolle reminds us that, “Once we become mindfully aware of other views than our own, it sets us free as the observer.” Since trying out different perspectives gives us the informed options for responding to a situation.

Control over context: The Birdman of Alcatraz

The Birdman of Alcatraz was sentenced to life in prison with no hope of reprieve. All the world was cut off from him. One empty, grim day, followed the next, as he stared at the flocks of birds flying outside his window.

One morning a crippled sparrow happened to trap in his cell.

He kept it, and nursed it back to health.

From then on, the bird was no longer just a bird, but a particular sparrow for him.

Other prisoners, guards, and visitors started giving him birds, and gradually, he learned more about them.

Soon he had a veritable aviary in his cell. He became a distinguished authority on bird diseases, noticing more about these creatures and developing more and more expertise. Everything he did was self-taught and original.

Instead of living a dull, stale existence in a cell for forty-odd years, the Birdman of Alcatraz realized boredom could be just another construct of the mind, no more specific than freedom.

5) The Effect of Mindful Aging

When you have a negative mindset about aging, says Langer, it often depreciates growth and flexibility.

Not only that, explains Langer, but the length of your life may be affected.

Langer says, If we didn’t feel compelled to carry over these limiting mindsets, we might have a greater chance of replacing years of decline with years of growth and purpose.

“A change in attitude,” says Langer, can replace years of decline with years of growth and purpose.”

There’s even research that shows when older people are exposed to more optimistic images of their youthful days, they’re prone to be more alert and more active in old age than those who weren’t exposed to the same experiment. Because when context forces people out of their ingrained, self-imposed limits, says Langer, such as the “I am old” syndrome, it makes them incredibly more mindful and enthusiastic about approaching the world freshly, with a beginner’s mind, in a way that has an enormous positive effect.

6) Mindfulness and Intuition

Just as it is easier to grasp mindfulness by first describing its opposite, intuition is most easily defined by comparing it to rational thought and logic.

Langer describes an intuitive or mindful state as being touched by new melodies when new information emerges into awareness.

Johann Bach also spoke of the effortless flow of musical ideas.

When asked how he found his melodies, he replied, “The problem is not finding them; it’s–when getting up in the morning and getting out of bed–not stepping on them.”

By keeping a free mindset, will be more open to seeing clearly and deeply.

7) Distinctions and Analogies

According to Dr. Langer, students of the creative process have long distinguished between two kinds of thinking: analysis and synthesis.

To put these contrasting thoughts more simply: we can look at the world and ask how things differ (make distinctions)

Or how they are the same (make analogies)

The first approach results in creating new categories.

The second approach usually involves shifting contexts.

Thinking by analogy is equally vital to both mindfulness and creativity.

This ability to transcend context is the essence of mindfulness and central to creativity in any field.

The sooner you recognize the power of your thoughts, the sooner you can wield them and improve your quality of life. As Sharon Salzberg reminds us, “Mindfulness isn’t difficult. We need to remember to do it.“